Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renal Replacement Therapy

Effectiveness of Renal Replacement Therapy (Haemodialysis vs. Kidney Transplant) Kidneys are organs which are located at the back of the abdominal cavity; they are necessary because they filter waste products such as nitrogen from the bloodstream, reabsorb necessary products (e.g. sodium and water) and remove the waste as urea via the ureter. The specific part of the kidney that filters waste products is called the nephron. There are millions of these filters within the kidney tissue, which take blood from the renal vein, transport it through a tubular filtration system (where necessary products are removed and reabsorbed into the body) and remove the waste via the ureter. When the renal system fails, homeostatic balance becomes†¦show more content†¦In comparison, haemodialysis only involves a minor surgery to insert tubes. Therefore, haemodialysis is less dangerous in the short term than kidney transplantation. Prior to the late 1940 s, renal failure was invariably fatal; it resulted in death within one week due to the build-up of toxins within the body. The first modern dialyser; created by Dr Willem Kolff, was based on the design of a rotating washing machine drum; it was very large and patients would have to lay in bed for hours during the haemodialysis process. Furthermore, severe vein and artery damage occurred, because a new incision had to be created each time the patient underwent treatment. Since then, haemodialysis technology has improved significantly; one of these improvements occurred in 1962 when Dr Belding Scribner developed a shunt system whereby an external tube kept the circulatory system open after haemodialysis. This reduced the risk of venous and arterial damage as the haemodialysis machine needle was inserted into the external tubing. Despite technological improvements, haemodialysis is not a cure for chronic renal failure. Various studies, including one from The American Clinical and Climatological Association, have found that haemodialysis patients have a life expectancy of 5-11 years after commencement of treatment (compared to a life expectancy of 30 yearsShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Chronic Kidney Disease845 Words   |  4 Pages Chronic kidney disease is defined as renal damage that has resulted in a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 ml/min and has persisted longer than three months. The disease is irreversible and treatment must be maintained to preserve the quality of life. Management involves eliminating or controlling factors that may potentially cause additional damage to the kidneys. The leading cause of chronic kidney disease is diabetes mellitus, followed by untreated systemic hypertension. LessRead MoreSepsis a Case Study3119 Words   |  13 Pagesintravenous fluid administration for resuscitation of the critically ill hypovolemic patient is the corner stone of shock therapy (Kruemer amp; Ensor 2012). The Surviving Sepsis recommends early optimization in the first six hours, followed with fluid challenges in the case of persistent hypo perfusion. The Rivers et al (2001) study evaluated the efficacy of Early Goal Directed Therapy (EGDT) in patients with sepsis and septic shock. They found that early and aggressive fluid resuscitation significantlyRead MoreMediaction and Treatment for Copd1756 Words   |  8 PagesMedication and Treatment for COPD Inhaled Therapies NICE COPD guidelines have made specific recommendations regarding the use of inhaled long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled steroids separately and in combination, but newer studies have assessed these drugs singly and in combination over longer periods of time. Bronchodilators (relievers) Short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) Beta2 agonists act directly on bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation. They are the most widely used bronchodilatorsRead MoreHemodialysis and Peritonial Dialysis4350 Words   |  18 Pagesfor any large scale research programme, rather it emerged from the activities of a new pioneering individuals who were able to utilize ideas, materials, and methods from a range of developing technologies. Hemodialysis as a routine treatment for renal failure was introduced in the late 1970s. The recognition for the need for immunosuppression in the transplantation and the lack of availability of transplant in the 1960s enabled it to become the preferred treatment for many patients. Definition Read MoreThe Issue Of Health Care Systems1852 Words   |  8 Pages encourage health behavior (Dockett, 171.) Individuals covered under this program are eligible for free inpatient care. The government also works with local governments to provide population health, mental health, some dental care, some physical therapy, and veteran services (Carroll, 2014.) The idea of the strategic objectives is to reduce the number of people requiring inpatient services. Australia also focuses much on public health protection. â€Å"Health protection is at the traditional core of publicRead MoreRobotics in Surgery5226 Words   |  21 Pagesfor their operations. Future systems might include the ability for a surgeon to program the surgery and merely supervise as the robot performs most of the tasks. Further research must evaluate cost effectiveness or a true benefit over conventional therapy, for robotics in surgery to take full root. Index Terms— Applications, computer-assisted surgery (CAS), human–machine interface, laparoscopy, miniature. INTRODUCTION R obotic surgery is proving to be more efficient and effective thanRead MoreINTRODUCTION:- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY Antihypertensive therapy with the2600 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION:- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY Antihypertensive therapy with the conventional drugs such as thiazide diuretics,beta –adrenoreceptor antagonists and Calcium channel antagonist (CCA ) based regimens can reduce the risk of stroke and other cardiovascular events. The drugs used as first line therapy in both younger and elderly patients include the conventional drugs such as diuretics, CCA or ACE inhibitors based regimens[6][7] ACE inhibitors such as Captopril and enalaprilRead MoreA Multi System Disease Of Unknown Etiology3329 Words   |  14 Pagesinvolvement in sarcoidosis. Promising results show high sensitivity for identifying pathophysiological activity at an early stage before structural changes have occurred as well as value of reproducible activity quantification when emphasizing in therapy monitoring. Although gallium-67 scintigraphy has traditionally been used in sarcoidosis patients, cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) along with myocardial perfusion scans have shown superiority that mostly includes higher sensitivity in detectingRead MoreMedical Test with Answers Essay example16933 Words   |  68 Pagescomplementary therapies? A. Focuses on the pathogenesis of the disease of an individual. B. Replaces the conventional Western modality treatments. C. Recognizes the value of a clients input into their own health care. Correct D. Continues to be used by a limited number of Americans. Alternative and complementary therapies offer human-centered care based on philosophies that recognize the value of the clients input and honor cultural and individual beliefs, values, and desires (C). These therapies do notRead MoreComprehensive 1 Essay18452 Words   |  74 Pagescomplementary therapies? A.   Focuses on the pathogenesis of the disease of an individual. B.   Replaces the conventional Western modality treatments. C.   Recognizes the value of a clients input into their own health care.  Correct D.   Continues to be used by a limited number of Americans. Alternative and complementary therapies offer human-centered care based on philosophies that recognize the value of the clients input and honor cultural and individual beliefs, values, and desires (C). These therapies do not

Economic Analysis Supply And Demand - 867 Words

Supply and Demand Economic Analysis is defined as the systematic approach of the use of resources and comparing two or more resources in order to achieve a specific objective with limitations of specific constraints and assumptions. Economic Analysis is basically a measure of how well the opportunity costs for resources are employed and attempts to measure these results in monetary terms for the benefits of a certain project or economy of a country. The paper will analyze a management firm known as Goodlife Management who possesses apartments in the metropolitan of Atlantis. Microeconomics has an effect on the direct supply and demand of the company. I suggested that all 2500 apartments should be leased. Although if all apartments are leased still we were unable to do so at the present rental rate due to the fact that preservation charge will rise as the renter and apartment rate increase. So, we increased the rental rate to $1,550 to reimburse for preservation fees for the increase of renter and apartments. These are the two scenarios that represent the idea of microeconomics, for the impact and result only influence the direct company. The two situation that had outside effect on GoodLife such as, Lintech Inc shifting to Atlantis, and the raise in residents in Atlantis are both example of macroeconomics, as these two variables not only effect GoodLife also it affects the entire city of Atlantis. Law of Demand: The law of demand states that the association betweenShow MoreRelatedRiverpoint Writer (Article Aalysis)1617 Words   |  7 PagesArticle analysis Laura Morrison Eco/365 September 26, 2011 Tarron Khemraj Article analysis In understanding economics first summarize what is economics. No universally definition of economics. Although it defined as the study of how individuals and groups make decisions with limited resources, coordinate their wants and desires, given the decision mechanisms, social customRead MoreApplication Of A Solar Panel Installation Contracting Business1007 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Table of Contents I. Introduction 2 II. Demand Determinants 3 a. Individual Determinant Research Analysis b. Current Demand Data Analysis c. Price Elasticity of Demand d. Demand Graph Analysis III. Supply Determinants 5 a. Individual Supply Determinant Research Analysis b. Current Supply Data Analysis c. Price Elasticity of Supply d. Supply Graph Analysis IV. Recommendations 8 V. References 9 â€Æ' Introduction Cindy is looking to start a Solar Panel Installation contracting business. SheRead MoreUnderstandin How Market Works in Practice1491 Words   |  6 Pages The aim of this paper is for understanding how market works in practice, what is price mechanism and how does it work in market system. What is the role of demand, supply and equilibrium, what happens when price mechanism doesn’t work properly? I will try to explain conditions of the demand, supply and law of demand and supply. I will compare partial and general equilibrium which was Marshall and Walras theories. Market any goods, services, buyers and sellers of a thing in general tradingRead MoreThe Demand And Supply Model1601 Words   |  7 PagesA: The demand and supply model is the representation of the demand in comparison with the effects on the price of the product or the service, the demand and supply model is the backbone of economic analysis and involves the measure of price elasticity and the shifts/ demands these events cause to the demand and supply and the effects on substitutes and compliments of the good or service as well as finding price and supply equilibrium. The particular article explores the excess demand of chocolateRead MoreDecision Making in Economic Analysis1160 Words   |  5 PagesAn explanation of how decision-making is dealt with in economic analysis requires an examination of the main factors at play. These factors amongst others are looked at as a base for decision making. Supply and Demand are the most fundamental tools used in economic analysis. I will explain what demand is and how the demand curve is derived. I will also write about Supply and its relationship with Demand. I will examine equil ibrium price (market clearing price) and how we can calculate or plot itRead MoreWhat is It About Graphs in Economics? Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesGraphs are the bread and butter of economics. The reason is that economics is a social science that attempts to understand the overall functioning of whole economies, and within them the behavior of firms and individuals engaged in producing and purchasing millions of different goods and services, ranging from iPhone to house cleaning. To make matters worse, economies, individuals and firms are dynamic and constantly changing over time. Since it would be impossible and cumbersome to describe allRead MoreHuman Resource Planning and Development Leads to Success Essay examples1396 Words   |  6 Pagesskills to meet the current and future job demands. In essence, human resource planning and development focuses on labor supply and demand in an organization. McDonalds’ Labor Demand and Supply: McDonalds Corporation is the leading fast food restaurant chain across the globe that serves tens of millions of customers on a daily basis. The corporation has fast food chains in more than 200 countries worldwide and customizes its food products to meet the demands of customers in these regions. This companyRead MoreMicroeconomic Definition of Terms1208 Words   |  5 Pagestheir food. In looking at the supply and demand of barbecue grills, several terms will be defined, including economics, microeconomics, the law of supply, and the law of demand. Many factors can lead to a change in supply and demand, which will be reviewed prior to looking at an analysis of trends in barbecue grill consumption patterns. This detailed and difficult analysis is critical to businesses. Definition of Economics According to Colander (2008), â€Å"Economics is the study of how human beingsRead MoreThe Demand And Supply Theory Of Microeconomics1055 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Samuelson and Nordhaus, â€Å"economics is a dynamic science and is central to the concerns and problems around the globe† (2003). Microeconomics covers the micro aspects viz. fundamentals, elements of demand and supply, costs, production formation, revenue, markets etc. (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2003). With that being said, a good knowledge of these above listed aspects is necessary for management students as well as managers. Therefore, a thorough understanding of microeconomics and itsRead MoreAggregate Expenditure And Output Of The Short Run Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesinventory investment, which is also part of aggregate demand. Therefore, another way of defining equilibrium is that the unplanned investment in stocks equals zero. If for example, the planned aggregate expenditure was lower than the output of the companies, they would see their stocks rise above what they had anticipated. As this accumulation of inventories is computed within the total expenditure, it would be fulfilled that the GDP is equal to the demand, but the level of production would not be of equilibrium

Boots Free Essays

Would Mulishly be able to help Boots manage the Japanese regulations? Boots needs to reformulate more than 2,000 products in order to meet with the regulations and import restrictions of Japanese market, Which is a huge investment and after reformulation, these product have to be registered with the Japanese authorities whiny had considerable leeway in how they applied such regulation. Nevertheless, Mediumistic Corporation belong to the Mediumistic keiretsu Which is one of he oldest and largest industrial group in Japan and are leaders in their respective industries, they already have experience working with foreign firms to established in Japan and they are looking to increase Its retail activities. So they match In the right way with MAC to manage all of the Japanese regulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Boots or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Would It be able to provide meaningful advice about how to attract and retain Japanese costumers? Foreign companies often had difficulty entering Japan, due to the complexity for obtaining resources, and local reputation or business relationship, the trend is to see s less trustworthy the foreign firms. So in order to attract and retain costumers MAC is the best option for entering the Japanese Market due to its well known reputation and access to resources ( people, real state and financial resources). But they still have to be aware of the complexity of the health and beauty business in Japan, Which have many differentiation for each area. 3. Would the two companies continue to share the same interests? The Joint venture proposal is giving Boots the decision advantage by having 51% stake of the Joint venture, and as MAC is looking to increase retail activities they are in he same direction and should continue to have the same interest in the process of entering this market. Was the proposed Joint venture a good Idea for Boots? Is a great Idea, In order to enter the Japanese market they need to make this Joint venture with MAC, there Is no other way due to regulations of the Japanese authorities and the untrustworthy of the market in foreign firms, it would end up in big losses if no experience and they are in the right position to make this venture since they are the leaders and are managing in and excel way their local market. How to cite Boots, Papers

Reasons People Stay in Abusive Relationship free essay sample

The definition of relationship is defined as a connection or a bond between 2 people or more. An abusive relationship occurs when one of them mistreat the other emotionally, physically, sexually or psychologically. One of the reasons that people stay in abusive relationships is the abused person still loves his/her partner even if he/she is abused. Most of women are loyal to their spouse. They dont want to try finding love again for that they might fail . For example, an abused woman may think that she cant find the same type of love her husband gave her from another man. So she would rather stay in the abusive relationship than live with a person who doesnt love her the way her husband did. Besides, they think they are too old to find a second love. Another reasons is abused people are economically dependent on their partner. They dont have any working experience, so its hard to find a job. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons People Stay in Abusive Relationship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They have no income and they cant survive in the world. For example, if a man/woman divorces their partner, they might find it difficult to find a job as they have no working experience or they might not have worked since their marriage. So, they might face bankruptcy. Furthermore, they think its the right thing to do for the children. It is better to come from a complete home than from a broken one. Their children will lack love from one of the parents if their parents are divorced. For example, their friends teasing his/her because he/she ia from a single parent family and they will be stressed mentally. Lastly, people who stay in an abusive relationship have their own reasons. But they must remember that if they stay in an abusive relationship without taking any action, it may eventually lead to their death.

Social and Cultural Framing in America Essay Example

Social and Cultural Framing in America Paper Social and Cultural Framing in America People build a series of mental filters through biological, social, and cultural influences, and they use these filters to make sense of the world. This is called framing. Framing is so effective because it is a mental shortcut, human beings are by nature lazy thinkers, and we don’t like to think too much or too hard. Frames provide people a quick and easy way to process information. Diana Kendall, a sociology professor at Baylor University has studied how mass media has portrayed upper, middle, working, and poverty classes by how they stereotype them in different ways. Rather than providing a meaningful analysis of inequality and showing realistic portrayals of life in various social classes, the media either play class differences for laughs or sweep the issue under the rug so that important distinctions are rendered invisible† (Kendall 330). The media has created the notion that in society the affluent are rewarded and the workin g class and poor are punished. TV shows like The Simple Life, Life of Luxury, and The Fabulous Life show how socio-economic classes are either played-up or minimalized and used for laughs. In a mass-mediated culture such as ours, the media do not simply mirror society; rather, they help to shape it and to create cultural perceptions† (Kendall 331). The media blurs the line between what is real and what is not when it comes to perceptions of economic or social class. Televisions shows, magazines, and newspapers tell us that the only way to move up in the world is to identify yourself with the rich and powerful and to live â€Å"vicariously† through them. My mother watches Entertainment Tonight and reads those tabloid magazines, and I constantly ask her â€Å"Why Mom? Why do you bother reading up on these people that waste their undeserved riches and get married and divorced at least 10 times? † and she just says â€Å"Well I want to know what’s going on in their life, and hear all the gossip†. But WHY?! How does their life affect YOU at all? The media bombards the middle and lower classes with these useless tabloid stories. Diana Kendall explains that â€Å"Viewers feel a sense of intimacy with elites, with whom they have little or no contact with in their daily lives† (Kendall 332). Non-elites over identify with the wealthy, because the media tells us that these upper class people are better than us. In contemporary society, equality does not exist. Although, media audiences can purchase material items that can somehow make you equal to higher class people. Take Paris Hilton, a woman famous for just being born into a wealthy family. She has made millions and millions of dollars by marketing products to her lower class fans so they can get a taste of her life, so they can be â€Å"Just like Paris†. We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Cultural Framing in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Cultural Framing in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Cultural Framing in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Not stopping at just jewelry, Ms. Hilton has decided to exploit people in even more ways: Calendars, toys, autobiographies, and another book about her dog’s life. But I can’t just pick on Paris Hilton; thousands of celebrities do the exact same thing. These egocentric people will slap their name on anything to encourage unnecessary consumerism among all their fans. The media loves to glorify the material possessions of these celebrities, as if ravenous consumerism can make you happy. People who extensively watch television have an exaggerated sense of how wealthy most Americans are and how they spend their money. Also, since television stimulates consumerist desires, extensive viewing may lead to more spending and less saving. Which makes sense, considering every commercial implies that â€Å"YOU NEED THIS† or â€Å"THIS MAKES YOUR LIFE EASIER†. Most media framing about the wealthiest class is positive, ranging from framing that depicts members of the upper class to be like everyone else, to framing that portrays them as generous, caring individuals. But the most popular type of framing for the wealthy class is called â€Å"emulation framing†. This type of framing suggests that people in all classes should â€Å"reward† themselves with a few of the perks of the wealthy, such as buying Paris Hilton’s jewelry. Many adults who try to live the â€Å"good life† through trying to buy happiness end up in the poor house. When will normal people realize that they do not have the household funds to just go off and spend food or house repair money on frivolities? Many reports are showing that middle and working class people are incurring massive debt because of the reckless spending on big houses, expensive vehicles, and other items that are beyond their budget. There is a stark contrast between the media framing of the upper class to the framing of the lower classes. At best the poor are portrayed as deserving of our sympathy only around the holidays (Thanksgiving, Christmas). Around these times, the poor are depicted as people who are just down on their luck, working class families who work really hard but just can’t catch a break. The worst types of depictions of the poor are stereotypical bums, drug addicts and losers who are poor because they deserve it or because of their bad decisions. â€Å"Episodic Framing† shows some of the problems of the poor, but does not link it to larger societal problems such as limited educational opportunities, high rates of unemployment, and low paying jobs. The media will keep this status quo of depicting rich people as perfect and poor people as something to laugh at or a faceless statistic. If the media industry persists in retaining the same old frames for class, it will behoove each of us readers and viewers to break out of those frames and more thoroughly explore these issues on our own† (Kendall 346). After Hurricane Katrina, some disaster photographs were released with some controversial captions. The two pictures in the article Loot or Find: Fact or Frame? By Cheryl I. Harris and Devon W. Carbado depict two such pictures. They are both of people wading thr ough chest deep water with supplies, although the captions were different. One of them was of a black man carrying Pepsi and a suspicious black bag full of items. The caption said the black man was â€Å"looting†. The other picture showed a white couple wading through water with supplies, and the caption said they were â€Å"finding†. As you can guess, people complained that the captions accompanying the images were racially suggestive. The fact that most of the people who were not allowed to leave the city and were left to fend for themselves were overwhelmingly black made some think that maybe the executive powers did not care about blacks. We all know about Kanye West’s amusing blurt â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about black people†. Katrina challenged the notion of â€Å"Color Blindness†, that is, that race is not a factor in how we see the world. I believe that race is a huge factor in how some people see the world. I don’t think anyone is 100% colorblind, especially when the media depicts certain races different ways. When many of the black musicians today are portrayed as tough, gritty gangsters, what are you, the viewer supposed to think? When blacks in the media are shown wearing tons of gold jewelry, baggy clothes and carrying guns, what are you going to think when you see a black man with baggy pants and jewelry walking around? I don’t think that everyone who looks that way will act a certain way, but looks are a first impression. Most of the people suffering during Katrina were black and poor, and that raised a lot of questions. Was it â€Å"†¦a case of presidential indifference? Or dislike of, poor black people? Or was it†¦the predictable consequence of a natural disaster that befell a city that just happened to be predominantly black? Was it†¦the result of a culture of dependency combined with local bureaucratic incompetence? Was race a factor in determining who survived and who did not? Or did class provide a better explanation? † (Harris and Carbado 427). The point is that during Katrina, blacks were framed into being looters, criminals, or just uncontrollable rioters. I feel that one can only explain this type of disaster if one was there in the thick of it. The existence of racial frames makes it difficult for people to confront the complex problems of racism and racial prejudices. Immigration. I am very emotionally conflicted about immigration in America today. My father’s side of my family has been in this country for around 90 years, emigrating across the Atlantic from southern Italy. My mother’s side has been here for about 50 years, coming from a French town in New Brunswick. I can imagine how difficult it was to come to a new country that wasn’t fond of foreigners, get a job, a raise a family. It’s still the same now, Mexican immigrants come into the country looking for work in a somewhat hostile environment. I hate that illegal immigrants sneak into this country, and take labor away from Americans. But I’m conflicted because America is a nation of immigrants, and if this land belongs to anyone its definatly not White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, it’s the Native Americans. In the current presidential race, some candidates don’t want immigrants in the country. But it’s usually those same candidates who give tax cuts to the wealthy and couldn’t care less about working class folks or their jobs anyway. The whole terrorism scare with immigrants is a bit tricky. I believe that there could be terrorist cells in this country, but with basically all of these guys being extremist Muslim, how can our police force, with its inefficient and bureaucratic system, go after these bad guys without being criticized for being racist and religiously prejudiced? Things are different in this country today, and we can’t cling to our old xenophobic, materialistic values anymore. How can a nation run on values and principles that were established in 1776? Things change, people change, morals change, and America needs to change or else we will run ourselves into the ground.

U.S. Citizenship Test Questions

U.S. Citizenship Test Questions On Oct. 1, 2008, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) replaced the set of questions formerly used as part of the citizenship test with the questions listed here. All applicants who filed for naturalization on or after October 1, 2008, are required to take the new test. In the citizenship test, the applicant for citizenship is asked up to 10 of the 100 questions. The interviewer reads the questions in English and the applicant must answer in English. In order to pass, at least 6 of the 10 questions must be answered correctly. New Test Questions and Answers Some questions have more than one correct answer. In those cases, all acceptable answers are shown. All answers are shown exactly as worded by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. * If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT A. Principles of American Democracy 1. What is the supreme law of the land? A: The Constitution 2. What does the Constitution do? A: sets up the governmentA: defines the governmentA: protects basic rights of Americans 3. The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words? A: We the People 4. What is an amendment? A: a change (to the Constitution)A: an addition (to the Constitution) 5. What do we call the first ten amendments to the Constitution? A: The Bill of Rights 6. What is one right or freedom from the First Amendment?* A: speechA: religionA: assemblyA: pressA: petition the government 7. How many amendments does the Constitution have? A: twenty-seven (27) 8. What did the  Declaration of Independence  do? A: announced our independence (from Great Britain)A: declared our independence (from Great Britain)A: said that the United States is free (from Great Britain) 9. What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence? A: lifeA: libertyA: pursuit of happiness 10. What is freedom of religion? A: You can practice any religion, or not practice a religion. 11. What is the economic system in the United States?* A: capitalist economyA: market economy 12. What is the rule of law? A: Everyone must follow the law.A: Leaders must obey the law.A: Government must obey the law.A: No one is above the law. B. System of Government 13. Name one branch or part of the government.* A: CongressA: legislativeA: PresidentA: executiveA: the courtsA: judicial 14. What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful? A: checks and balancesA: separation of powers 15. Who is in charge of the executive branch? A: the President 16. Who makes federal laws? A: CongressA: Senate and House (of Representatives)A: (U.S. or national) legislature 17. What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress?* A: the Senate and House (of Representatives) 18. How many U.S. Senators are there? A: one hundred (100) 19. We elect a U.S. Senator for how many years? A: six (6) 20. Who is one of your states U.S. Senators? A: Answers will vary. [For District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories, the answer is that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives) has no U.S. Senators.] * If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk. 21. The House of Representatives has how many voting members? A: four hundred thirty-five (435) 22. We elect a U.S. Representative for how many years? A: two (2) 23. Name your U.S. Representative. A: Answers will vary. [Residents of territories with nonvoting Delegates or resident Commissioners may provide the name of that Delegate or Commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) Representatives in Congress.] 24. Who does a U.S. Senator represent? A: all people of the state 25. Why do some states have more Representatives than other states? A: (because of) the states populationA: (because) they have more peopleA: (because) some states have more people 26. We elect a President for how many years? A: four (4) 27. In what month do we vote for President?* A: November 28. What is the name of the President of the United States now?* A: Donald J. TrumpA: Donald TrumpA: Trump 29. What is the name of the Vice President of the United States now? A: Michael Richard PenceA: Mike PenceA: Pence 30. If the President can no longer serve, who becomes President? A: the Vice President 31. If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, who becomes President? A: the Speaker of the House 32. Who is the Commander in Chief of the military? A: the President 33. Who signs bills to become laws? A: the President 34. Who vetoes bills? A: the President 35. What does the Presidents Cabinet do? A: advises the President 36. What are two Cabinet-level positions? A: Secretary of AgricultureA: Secretary of CommerceA: Secretary of DefenseA: Secretary of EducationA: Secretary of EnergyA: Secretary of Health and Human ServicesA: Secretary of Homeland SecurityA: Secretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentA: Secretary of InteriorA: Secretary of StateA: Secretary of TransportationA: Secretary of TreasuryA: Secretary of Veterans AffairsA: Secretary of LaborA: Attorney General 37. What does the judicial branch do? A: reviews lawsA: explains lawsA: resolves disputes (disagreements)A: decides if a law goes against the Constitution 38. What is the highest court in the United States? A: the Supreme Court 39. How many justices are on the Supreme Court? A: nine (9) 40. Who is the Chief Justice of the United States? A: John Roberts (John G. Roberts, Jr.) * If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk. 41. Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the federal government. What is one power of the federal government? A: to print moneyA: to declare warA: to create an armyA: to make treaties 42. Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the states. What is one power of the states? A: provide schooling and educationA: provide protection (police)A: provide safety (fire departments)A: give a drivers licenseA: approve zoning and land use 43. Who is the Governor of your state? A: Answers will vary. [Residents of the District of Columbia and U.S. territories without a Governor should say we dont have a Governor.] 44. What is the capital of your state?* A: Answers will vary. [District of Colu*mbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory.] 45. What are the two major political parties in the United States?* A: Democratic and Republican 46. What is the political party of the President now? A: Republican (Party) 47. What is the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives now? A: Nancy Pelosi (Pelosi) C: Rights and Responsibilities 48. There are four amendments to the Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them. A: Citizens eighteen (18) and older (can vote).A: You dont have to pay (a poll tax) to vote.A: Any citizen can vote. (Women and men can vote.)A: A male citizen of any race (can vote). 49. What is one responsibility that is only for United States citizens?* A: serve on a juryA: vote 50. What are two rights only for United States citizens? A: apply for a federal jobA: voteA: run for officeA: carry a U.S. passport 51. What are two rights of everyone living in the United States? A: freedom of expressionA: freedom of speechA: freedom of assemblyA: freedom to petition the governmentA: freedom of worshipA: the right to bear arms 52. What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance? A: the United StatesA: the flag 53. What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen? A: give up loyalty to other countriesA: defend the Constitution and laws of the United StatesA: obey the laws of the United StatesA: serve in the U.S. military (if needed)A: serve (do important work for) the nation (if needed)A: be loyal to the United States 54. How old do citizens have to be to vote for President?* A: eighteen (18) and older 55. What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy? A: voteA: join a political partyA: help with a campaignA: join a civic groupA: join a community groupA: give an elected official your opinion on an issueA: call Senators and RepresentativesA: publicly support or oppose an issue or policyA: run for officeA: write to a newspaper 56. When is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms?* A: April 15 57. When must all men register for the Selective Service? A: at age eighteen (18)A: between eighteen (18) and twenty-six (26) AMERICAN HISTORY A: Colonial Period and Independence 58. What is one reason colonists came to America? A: freedomA: political libertyA: religious freedomA: economic opportunityA: practice their religionA: escape persecution 59. Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived? A: Native AmericansA: American Indians 60. What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves? A: AfricansA: people from Africa * If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk. 61. Why did the colonists fight the British? A: because of high taxes (taxation without representation)A: because the British army stayed in their houses (boarding, quartering)A: because they didnt have self-government 62. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? A: (Thomas) Jefferson 63. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? A: July 4, 1776 64. There were 13 original states. Name three. A: New HampshireA: MassachusettsA: Rhode IslandA: ConnecticutA: New YorkA: New JerseyA: PennsylvaniaA: DelawareA: MarylandA: VirginiaA: North CarolinaA: South CarolinaA: Georgia 65. What happened at the Constitutional Convention? A: The Constitution was written.A: The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution. 66. When was the Constitution written? A: 1787 67. The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers. A: (James) MadisonA: (Alexander) HamiltonA: (John) JayA: Publius 68. What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for? A: U.S. diplomatA: oldest member of the Constitutional ConventionA: first Postmaster General of the United StatesA: writer of Poor Richards AlmanacA: started the first free libraries 69. Who is the Father of Our Country? A: (George) Washington 70. Who was the first President?* A: (George) Washington B: 1800s 71. What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803? A: the Louisiana TerritoryA: Louisiana 72. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s. A: War of 1812A: Mexican-American WarA: Civil WarA: Spanish-American War 73. Name the U.S. war between the North and the South. A: the Civil WarA: the War between the States 74. Name one problem that led to the Civil War. A: slaveryA: economic reasonsA: states rights 75. What was one important thing that Abraham Lincoln did?* A: freed the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation)A: saved (or preserved) the UnionA: led the United States during the Civil War 76. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? A: freed the slavesA: freed slaves in the ConfederacyA: freed slaves in the Confederate statesA: freed slaves in most Southern states 77. What did Susan B. Anthony do? A: fought for womens rightsA: fought for civil rights C: Recent American History and Other Important Historical Information 78. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.* A: World War IA: World War IIA: Korean WarA: Vietnam WarA: (Persian) Gulf War 79. Who was President during World War I? A: (Woodrow) Wilson 80. Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II? A: (Franklin) Roosevelt * If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk. 81. Who did the United States fight in World War II? A: Japan, Germany, and Italy 82. Before he was President, Eisenhower was a general. What war was he in? A: World War II 83. During the Cold War, what was the main concern of the United States? A: Communism 84. What movement tried to end racial discrimination? A: civil rights (movement) 85. What did Martin Luther King, Jr. do?* A: fought for civil rightsA: worked for equality for all Americans 86. What major event happened on September 11, 2001, in the United States? A: Terrorists attacked the United States. 87. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States. [Adjudicators will be supplied with a complete list.] A: CherokeeA: NavajoA: SiouxA: ChippewaA: ChoctawA: PuebloA: ApacheA: IroquoisA: CreekA: BlackfeetA: SeminoleA: CheyenneA: ArawakA: ShawneeA: MoheganA: HuronA: OneidaA: LakotaA: CrowA: TetonA: HopiA: Inuit INTEGRATED CIVICS A: Geography 88. Name one of the two longest rivers in the United States. A: Missouri (River)A: Mississippi (River) 89. What ocean is on the West Coast of the United States? A: Pacific (Ocean) 90. What ocean is on the East Coast of the United States? A: Atlantic (Ocean) 91. Name one U.S. territory. A: Puerto RicoA: U.S. Virgin IslandsA: American SamoaA: Northern Mariana IslandsA: Guam 92. Name one state that borders Canada. A: MaineA: New HampshireA: VermontA: New YorkA: PennsylvaniaA: OhioA: MichiganA: MinnesotaA: North DakotaA: MontanaA: IdahoA: WashingtonA: Alaska 93. Name one state that borders Mexico. A: CaliforniaA: ArizonaA: New MexicoA: Texas 94. What is the capital of the United States?* A: Washington, D.C. 95. Where is the Statue of Liberty?* A: New York (Harbor)A: Liberty Island[Also acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City, and on the Hudson (River).] B. Symbols 96. Why does the flag have 13 stripes? A: because there were 13 original coloniesA: because the stripes represent the original colonies 97. Why does the flag have 50 stars?* A: because there is one star for each stateA: because each star represents a stateA: because there are 50 states 98. What is the name of the national anthem? A: The Star-Spangled Banner C: Holidays 99. When do we celebrate Independence Day?* A: July 4 100. Name two national U.S. holidays. A: New Years DayA: Martin Luther King, Jr., DayA: Presidents DayA: Memorial DayA: Independence DayA: Labor DayA: Columbus DayA: Veterans DayA: ThanksgivingA: Christmas NOTE: The questions above will be asked of applicants who file for naturalization on or after October 1, 2008. Until then, the Current Set of Citizenship Questions and Answers remains in effect. For those applicants who file prior to October 1, 2008, but are not interviewed until after October 2008 (but before October 1, 2009), there will be an option of taking the new test or the current one.

A Study On Organizational Behavior Management Essay

A Study On Organizational Behavior Management Essay Organizational behavior is a field concerned with study of the relationship between the organization and the individuals in the workforce. In particular it entails studying how the organization influences the behavior of its workers and how as a result those individuals are able to influence the organization. It is a wide topic that involves various disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, sociology and so on. In studying the organizational behavior it helps to note that in the traditional closed systems various factors that are important in the modern working environment were left unconsidered. However the open system has appreciated the environmental factors such as attitudes and human sentiments which remain vital in studying the human behavior. In health care sector the behavior of individuals or groups is similar to any other organization even though there could be a little variation which can be attributed to the unique challenges that are offered by different environment al conditions. As such the management issues that are experienced in other organizations are also replicated in the health sector. The organizational behavior is important to the management in the modern heath care environment. Challenges from the organizations which range from the accomplishments and professionalism continue to be felt in the organizational behavior. For instance, the heath care providers have highly skilled professionals who are supposed to adhere to a code of reliable systems to ensure delivery of health services. Apparently the heath professionals such as physicians work autonomously and as such the management must find the right balance to enhance the productivity of the workforce while giving the physicians their autonomy. In the current financial conditions the health workers are expected to deliver on quality health services amid stiff competition and more coordination in delivering such complex services. In addition, the labor challenges are present in mode rn health care organizations placing more strain on the few heath care professionals available. Indeed, with escalating costs of delivering heath care services and reducing reimbursements it has been become imperative for the managers to be equipped with skills on the organizational behavior for the better coordination and productivity of the available workforce. With the increased demand for outpatient services and aging population the provision of the health care services requires better management of the workforce against the backdrop of the above challenges. But this calls for the managers to have skills on the organizational behaviour. Another scenario in which the management team in the health sector should be equipped with the right skills n addressing issues concerning the employees is outlined. Understanding organizational behavior would prove important in an instance where there is high rate of absenteeism. However, instead of the managers evaluating the underlying problem they end up sacking the physicians. The managers could be inhospitable with the workers avoiding their presence leading to an unhealthy relationship which translate to absenteeism. This is another instance in the modern working environment that a manager requires such skills in enhancing the productivity of the worker and reduces this rate of absenteeism. 2. Employees and organizational behaviour

REFLECTIVE WRITING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

REFLECTIVE WRITING - Essay Example I also ensured that all the company’s activities were run according to the set plan. This is mainly to ensure that there would be no discrepancies between the plan of the company and the results obtained. Being a multinational company, Caltex experienced a number of changes in its operations. Therefore, as the organizational manager, I had to ensure that I identify all activities which are to be performed in the company, and any changes that could have occurred. In addition, I also had to organize activities according to departments. This is whereby; activities of the personnel department would be separated from activities of the accounting department (Sims, 2002, 9). This helped me to be organized and to ensure that there was no conflict in the activities of the company. The learning theory that extremely helped during my work is the Kolb’s experiential learning theory. This involved; a clear observation of all the experiences that occurred in the company. After any pa rticular occurrence, whether good or bad, I would take time and observe its causes and its implications. For example, during a time when the company’s sales were falling, I observed the issue carefully and the possible mechanisms that would help to increase the sales back. Other experiences such as fall in the customer numbers, conflicts among employees or poor media coverage also helped me to learn from them. Afterwards, I would then try to formalize the concepts that could have been associated with the occurrence. I would then generalize these concepts in order to access the possibility of the situation occurring again. For instance, in a case where the sales of the company were falling, I would use concepts such as new promotion methods, or increasing the sales personnel. If there were employee conflicts within the organization, I would use concepts such as having peace talks within the organization, and counseling of the employees. After assessing the concepts that are ap plicable to a new situation, I would then use them on a new situation. Therefore, in case of future falling of sales or future employee conflicts, I would know the concepts to use. This learning theory has really helped me to learn from challenges and make use of them instead of getting discouraged (Leonard, 2002, 69). Substantive Topic Applied: Managing Organizational Change Organizational change occurs when a company goes through a transition from its current state to some desired state (Inc.com, 2012, 1). Therefore, managing organizational change is the process of planning, controlling and implementing change in the organization. This is important because; in some organizations change is resisted by the employees. In addition, managing organizational change is important since; it might be very costly for the company at times. In Caltex Company, we experienced a series of changes especially with the improved technology. For instance, the company introduced electronic payment of bi lls by customers. This is whereby; customers could purchase fuel and pay for it electronically without requiring an attendant at the petrol stations. The company also introduced online purchasing of petroleum products and door-to-door delivery of the products. This technology had a lot of impact on the company since; it reduced the number of employees thus, lowering the salary expenses. With introduction of online purchasing, the customers also increased greatly. The company had to embrace the technology and hence, there were a lot of

Maritime Technology 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maritime Technology 1 - Essay Example This physical quantity has been associated with randomness by Boltzmann who believes that in a confined system, the disorder that is produced is actually entropy. On the other hand, Shannon considers positive information that is produced in message transmission as entropy. Conversely, there is one more interpretation given to the term which is very much opposite to the former. Brillouin associates entropy with deficiency of information. This can also be stated as uncertainty and doubt and something which cannot be predicted. Ignorance is also one part of the mentioned interpretation of Brillouin. In addition, finally, there are some authors and theorists who consider freedom as entropy; freedom to evolve from one state to the other (Brissaud, pp. 69-70, 2005). Entropy is, basically, a fundamental and core value of modern physics that could be easily linked with different areas like metaphysics, biology and even economy. For these reasons, every interpretation and explanation of the t erm has its own importance in these diverse fields and they should be made to use in order to learn more about the phenomenon. Let the paper analyse each interpretation separately. When they say that entropy is the disorder, it means that when heat is produced in a closed system, the molecules gas molecules would, automatically, move randomly in any position. This would create more work and energy in the system than the energy which was initially present. This chaos and disrupt is termed as entropy. Moreover, considering the second and third interpretations, the lack of information, actually, refers to uncertainty and indefiniteness. An outsider can never predict where and how the gas molecules would spread when heat energy is produced in a closed system. This tendency of not being able to predict the present and future positions of molecules makes entropy associated with uncertainty and lack of information. However, for the same closed system, considering it from the inside, the mo vement and change is actually an information which is referred to as positive and beneficial adding up to the knowledge. Likewise, the gas molecules have maximum freedom to move rapidly in whatever directions, which increases with time (Brissaud, pp. 70, 2005). However, many theorists and authors disagree with the association of entropy with disorder. These theorists claim that the agitation is more a result of temperature than of entropy as a whole. This confusion exists because of the reason that all these three quantities and values are closely in connection with each other. Heat, temperature, and entropy have so close relations that the source of disorder and agitation is not observable clearly and precisely. When defined accurately, temperature, according to the modern and classical thermodynamics, is the value given to the molecular agitation that happens after heat is produced in a closed area. Furthermore, heat is termed as the disordered energy creating the chaos. Therefore , these three core principles in thermodynamics are closely linked with one another and are the source of the concepts of agitation and disorder that are associated with entropy (Brissaud, pp. 82, 2005). Thus, temperature is the real phenomenon associated to chaos and disorder since low temperature systems are always said to under order and less agitated. This is the reasons theorists disagree with that interpretation. Heat production and the

Richard Wilbur Boy at the window Essay Example for Free

Richard Wilbur Boy at the window Essay When one is considered naive, it has been thought to determine one as â€Å"having or showing a lack of experience, judgment, or information; credulous† (www. dictionary. com). In Richard Wilburs’ poem, Boy at the Window, Wilbur uses simple form language to paint the image of the boy staring out the window at the snowman. In the beginning of the poem, Wilbur reveals two characters, one a snowman and the other a young boy. Both characters in the poem seem to have a connection to each other, and may even consider themselves, friends. Perhaps the boy may have helped to build the snowman. One day during an incoming storm, the boy peers outside the window and appears to be frightened for the snowman because the snowman has no shelter from the storm â€Å"In dusk and cold is more than he can bear† (Clugston, 2010). The boy fears for the snowman’s life because the boy realizes the rain will melt the snowman away. However the snowman does not want to come inside the warm house with the boy for fear he will melt and die. In this case who is naive, the boy or the snowman? Beginning from the perspective of the boy staring out the window, it is obvious the boy feels helpless. The boy realizes that a storm is coming, â€Å"A night of gnashing and enormous moan†, (Clugston, 2010) which will eventually wash away the snowman. When the boy feels the snowman is going to die the boys emotions turns to one of hurt. The young boy does not understand that the snowman needs the cold to survive, even if it means death when it rains. The tone of the poem indicated that perhaps the boy feared what the outside world held for the snowman, and the storm intensified that. In one world, the inside, the boy felt â€Å"Such warmth, such light, such love, and so much fear† (Clugston, 2010). He wanted the snowman to experience the same warmth as he did because the boy took comfort in his surroundings and identified what made him feel safe in his eyes. On the other hand, perhaps the snowman felt sympathy for the young boy. From the outside, the snowman seems to understand how the boy is feeling. So the snowman sheds a tear for the boy because he understands the boy cares a lot about him, â€Å"He melts enough to drop from one soft eye A trickle of the purest rain, a tear†, (Clugston, 2010). Because the snowman does not have a fear of the rain, the snowman does not seem to understand that the storm will cause him to melt away, as he is quite comfortable with being outside in the cold. While the snowman looks quite comfortable outside, the snowman may not portray that feeling to the young boy looking at the snowman from his home. Overall, the theme of the play speaks volumes about being naive and misinterpretation of viewing another persons’ life and how they choose to live it. This point of view that Wilbur tried to relay to the reader allowed me to focus more so on the snowman and how he wanted to live than the boy. As human beings, one always wants to change what they believe to be wrong in society without asking the person(s) if they want the change. One should never determine how a person’s life should be lived based off of how they are living there own life. But this fact that we are not aware of certain systematically proceeding misinterpretations does not only shape the image of personality, as constituted in the naive and experience of everyday life, but also influences scientific thought, (Ichheiser, 1943). Both are considered to be inexperienced about the fundamentals of life and how they both lived. The boy took comfort in believing that if the snowman were rescued by bringing the snowman in the house, the snowman would be saved. The snowman believed that by staying outside, no harm would come to him and he was not alone or afraid of the incoming weather, because he had nothing to fear of living outside alone and in the dark. The boy and the snowman lived two diverse lives, one that could never be meshed together because of the scientific fact that one character lived a cold life and the other character lived a life in which there was warmth.

Creating Biofuels from Waste Essay -- Energy Fuel Environment

Biofuels from Waste Purpose Biofuels mark a great step into today’s efforts to slow down global warming. However, when food sources, such as corn and soy are used as derivatives for ethanol, the impact is far worse than using fossil fuels. Biofuels require more energy to do artificial refinery, cultivating, and collecting; whereas, fossil fuels already meet all the prerequisites through millions of years in the earth, and thus use less energy. On the social justice stance, the poor suffer through the sky-rocketed food prices because farmers are using their food to supply the ethanol demand. As technology becomes more efficient, society can rely on a source of energy that deters global warming, uses less energy to process, and betters the world economy. Question Which specific cellulase from fungi breaks down bleached paper waste efficiently? Why? Bleached paper is solely composed of cellulose (20-25%) which it makes it an ideal source for fuel because its lack in lignin makes it more efficient in the refinery process. Fungi serve as vital decomposers in the natural world. By channeling this idea to break down paper waste into sugars, the possibilities are endless. Terms to know †¢ Cellulase are enzymes that break down cellulose. Fungi and bacteria have special enzymes that are designed to decompose material. †¢ His-tag is a tag that helps the identification process by attaching to a protein. A His-tag is a small tag that aids the purification process by binding with a nickel NTA matrix. Materials -Agar plates -Sterile q-tips -Yeast -Incubator -Bleached paper waste -Fungi -PCR -Primers -Blue dye -Plasmid: pTrcHis-Topo -Wash buffer -Elution buffer -LB broth -E.Coli competent cells -Ice -Water -Filter .. ...15 July 2008. Biofuels: for Transport. United Kingdom: German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 2007. Feldstein, Paul. "PCR." COSMOS. Hutchinson Hall, Davis. 10 July 2008. Lindsay, LeAnn. â€Å"Cellulase Assay.† COSMOS. Hutchinson Hall, Davis. 30 July 2008. Nag, Ahindra. Biofuels Refining and Performance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Pyles, Denver. Use of Biodiesel-Derived Crude Glycerol for the Production of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by the Microalga Schizochytrium Limacinum. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blackburg, 2008. 13 July 2008 . Sticklen, Mariam B. "Plant Genetic Engineering for Biofuel Production: Towards Affordable Cellulosic Ethanol." Nature Reviews: Genetic(2008). BIOSIS Previews. 15 July 2008.

Long Walk to Remember Poem

Long walk to Forever I’m what they call A. W. O. L Was a private first class in the Artillery. Hitchhike since two days, On the fringe of a city, Near fields and woods and orchard. In the early afternoon, I knocked on Catharine’s front door. I want to give Henry a rosy bride, By taking a walk with Catharine. One foot in front of the other, Through leaves, over bridges. That will be my present. I’ve never done anything like this before, Time to time, I softly said to me,I love you. I have never kissed you, I would have before. So let’s take a walk, One foot in front of the other, Through leaves, over bridges. We had always been playful, but never talk of love. What happens next? I let you know I loved you.. â€Å"Too late†, she said. I started walking again. Involuntarily, she bursts into tears, and clenched her hands. A woman couldn’t hide love, As I was seeing love now. I kissed her. The bells in the tower of the school rang. Just dream of m e,Your wonderful Newt. Marry me, Catharine? Not Henry Stewart Chasens. There are many, many good things about me. We say goodbye, shake hands, part friends. I smiled, and walked away quickly. In long perspective of shadows and trees. I stopped, and turned, â€Å"Catharine. † She ran to me. â€Å"I’ll always remember you,† she said. I’m not disappointed. We take a walk, One foot in front of the other, Through leaves, over bridges. I’m sorry Catharine, Because I love you

A Case Against Deceptive Advertising

Verizon Wireless, a joint ownership of Verizon Communications Inc. and the Vodafone Group PLC, had sold laptop cards with limited capabilities for wireless Internet access.For $59.99 the company was offering an â€Å"unlimited monthly usage plan,† despite the fact that the service had limitations (Sharma & Cheng, 2007).   Customers were not able to use their laptop cards for â€Å"high bandwidth activities,† for example, to download movies (Sharma & Cheng).   Moreover, Verizon Wireless had not mentioned the limitations of its laptop cards in advertisements (Sharma & Cheng).Following an investigation by the State Attorney of New York, Verizon Wireless was required not only to agree to change its â€Å"‘unlimited’ advertising† of the wireless broadband service, but also to reimburse the customers with $1 million in all (Sharma & Cheng).   Besides, the company was required to pay $150,000 in fees and penalties to New York.   Verizon Wireless agr eed to meet all of the legal conditions (Sharma & Cheng).CritiqueThe case of the laptop cards sold by Verizon Wireless concerned deceptive advertising.   The company had referred to its service as an unlimited plan in spite of its limitations.   Customers should have been informed about the limitations before they purchased the service.Thankfully, the New York State Attorney intervened to compel the company to reimburse the customers.   As a matter of fact, this aspect of business law is vital for consumer protection against company fraud.Deceptive advertising includes misrepresentation and omission.   Perhaps Verizon Wireless had mistakenly omitted the limitations of its service in its advertising.   Nevertheless, it was required to pay for its mistake.This serves as a warning for all companies in the U.S.   Furthermore, the business regulatory departments around the country must continue to evaluate all advertisements seeing that imperfect information is a source of ma rket failure.ReferencesSharma, A., & Cheng, R. (2007, Oct 24). Verizon Wireless Reaches Deal in Marketing Probe.The Wall Street Journal, pp. B5.

Tips for Taking Great Cemetery Pictures

Tips for Taking Great Cemetery Pictures Pictures are a wonderful way to document cemeteries and graveyards, from scenic views of the cemetery, to inscriptions of individual tombstones. It isnt always as easy as it seems, however, to achieve sharp, clear photographs of stones that may be centuries old. That old stone may be easy enough to read when youre standing just a few feet away, but capturing its three dimensional carving and inscriptions on a flat picture sometimes takes a bit of work. What to Photograph Its not every day that you get to visit an ancestors cemetery, so take the time, if you can, to create a photographic record of the entire cemetery, rather than just a single tombstone: Take at least two shots of each headstone, one close up so that you can read the inscription, and one from a distance which identifies the markers location in the cemetery. If the gravestone is one of several in a family grouping, then you may also want to take a wide angle shot of the entire family plot (a tombstones position in relation to other family members may provide a clue to relationships).Take several pictures (from different angles) showing the entire cemetery, or at least as large a portion of it as you can fit in a single picture.Unless it is a small family plot hidden in the middle of a cornfield, the front gates or entrance of the cemetery makes another good view to record on film. What Time of Day is Best? Proper lighting is the most critical factor in achieving a good, high-definition tombstone photo. According to tradition, many older cemeteries have individuals buried facing East, which generally means that the inscriptions on the headstones also face East. For this reason, morning light is often the best option in which to obtain the best lighting for photographing tombstones. There are, obviously, many exceptions to this very general rule, however. Tombstones may be situated so that they face the road, a beautiful view, etc. Overhead trees and cloudy days can also make photographing tombstones a difficult task. For this reason, it is best to scout out the cemetery in advance in order to determine the best time of day for taking pictures.   Lighting the Tombstone When optimal lighting is not possible, several tools can be used to reflect light onto shadowy tombstones. Directing sunlight or other light diagonally across the face of a gravestone casts shadows in indentations which makes inscriptions more visible and easy to read: Mirror - A mirror is a common tool for reflecting sunlight onto shadowy tombstones. Mylar (plastic) mirrors are available at most home stores (no reason to risk travelling around with a glass mirror in your car) and can be easily equipped with a set of legs (like an easel) to aid in propping the mirror to effectively reflect sunlight where you need it. Larger mirrors can even be used to reflect sunlight from a distance to light up tombstones resting under shady trees. Collapsible Reflector - A common accessory used by many photographers, a collapsible light reflector can be purchased for about $30-$50. They typically fold up into a small 4-6 package, handy for traveling. Aluminum Foil - A low budget alternative, and handy for travel, aluminum foil makes a decent light reflector in a pinch. Youll either need a piece of cardboard to support the foil, or a partner to hold it for you. Enhancing the Inscription When good lighting isnt enough to bring out a badly eroded inscription, there are a few other methods employed by many genealogists: Water - Wetting down a tombstone with a spray bottle of fresh water can sometimes make carvings stand out much more than when dry. After wetting the stone, allow the surface to dry for a few minutes, leaving the indented lettering damp, which makes it darker and easier to read. Shaving Cream - A method used by many genealogists, shaving cream can do wonders at bringing out hard-to-read inscriptions. This practice is discouraged by most professional conservators, however, as shaving cream contains acidic chemicals and greasy emollients which make it hard to remove from the stone and damaging if left there over time.Black Light - Suggested by some, a black light bulb (75 watt or higher) can be used to make a worn inscription pop out. While an extension cord may be a problem in many cemeteries, you can find portable, battery-operated black light units in many party or novelty stores (they are especially popular around Halloween). Cast the light directly on the tombstone and the words j ust seem to pop right out at you. Black light works especially well when it is dark, but since cemeteries are not always the safest place to visit at night, try draping a large, dark blanket over both you and the tombstone while using the black light. This should create enough darkness for a very illuminating inscription.

Module 4 - Case Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Module 4 - Case Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example Further, society as a whole expects that the behavior of all the citizens should be such that society advances on its own rather than regress due to actions and behaviors. During the recent times, high profiled failures of large organizations, unethical behavior being associated with the senior executives of the firms as well as fraudulent business, and accounting practices have highlighted the need for emphasizing more business ethics. The current financial crisis has also highlighted the vulnerabilities of the financial sector of the world and how senior executives used the money given for bailout purposes as their own bonuses. The hue and cry by the public, therefore, has been mostly directed towards the unethical behavior of organizations towards different stakeholders. This paper will discuss ethical behavior of two organizations, i.e. Primark and Anglo American, and will explore costs and benefits involved as well as discussing one component from Svennson & Woods’ model. What is Ethical Business Behavior Every business has a responsibility towards the society, and ethical behavior outlines the rules and regulations which actually govern the ethical behavior of the firms. ... It is also important to understand that society expects from the businesses and as such, businesses have to correspond to the basic rules of the society. This, therefore, requires that firms should not engage any such behavior which can effectively go against the values and norms of the society. Some of the critical areas where firms often face critical choices in terms of ethical business behavior include finance, accounting, supply chain management, human resource management, and marketing. These are the areas where firm often engage into behavior which may not be entirely considered as ethical in nature. There have been incidents where firms have engaged into actions which were not considered as ethical. Incidences such as falsification of information presented in financial accounts, insufficient and inadequate working conditions for the workers, unjustified bonuses and high compensation levels of senior executives, etc., are some of the issues which have come under heavy screener of unethical business practices (Dowling, Festing, & Engle, 2008). How Primark Applies Ethics One of the key concerns for Primark is to source ethically because it has to deal with variety of third party sources. Considering the overall nature of business of the firm, Primark has to procure its merchandize from different suppliers scattered all over the world. Ethical issues, particularly with regard to the supply chain of the firm, arise due to adverse labor situation in suppliers’ countries. Although Primark is committed to provide excellent value to its customers, it is clear on the issue of not delivering such value on the expense of those who actually produce for the firm. As such, Primark attempts to balance

What is counselling and what are counselling skills, how do they Essay

What is counselling and what are counselling skills, how do they relate to other approaches to helping - Essay Example Counseling is often carried out personally in non-public sessions between the counselor and clients. However, counseling can also be performed via telephone, writings and e-mail or video conferencing. It may take many different forms to bring an individual to a better understanding of himself and others. Thus, counseling can be advantageous to a person facing problems in maintaining relationships (What is counseling? N.d.). Counselors require talent for understanding the conditions of the clients and their problems (Nelson-Jones, 2005).In this paper I intend to discuss the different approaches of counseling incorporating the ethical framework, the principles of Rogerian Person Centred Approach, personal growth and therapeutic change. Humanistic approach to psychology was founded by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow in the U.S. during 1950s. Humanistic psychology focuses on the subjects that are meaningful to human beings. Humanistic psychologists lay emphasis on conscious experience rather than on behaviour or personal responsibility. That is why they differ from most of the psychologists. Humanistic psychology also focuses on the importance of the individual’s attempt towards personal growth and achievement (Humanistic Psychology: Maslow, n.d). Humanist approach of psychology interprets an individual in regard to subjective analysis of previous experience. It assumes we have a deep-rooted biological drive that inspires us towards personal development and the active psychological condition of self-actualization. It provides stress on the importance of ‘self’ and how self influences an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. The self is our personality. Rogers extended Maslow’s hypo thesis of self-actualization into the field of humanistic person-centred psychoanalysis with his emphasis on understanding, actual positive regard and authenticity. Building these conditions for development in therapy enables an environment that helps

Kodak and fujifilm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kodak and fujifilm - Research Paper Example The executives at Kodak did not want to abandon the traditional film. They did not realize how digital cameras would become common within a short time. Since there was a slow transition of traditional to digital technology and competition from other companies, Kodak lost a considerable market share globally. By early 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection which was approved by the court for financing. Kodak was able to sell its patents to various companies like Google, Apple and Microsoft among others (Stuart, 2005). Fujifilm was started in 1934 and like Kodak, focused on imaging and photography. The company was at the top of the Japanese market and ranked the second best in film usage after the United States (Nakamura, 2000). Fujifilm entered the global market and made use of aggressive marketing with low prices. The company’s breakthrough was in 1984 when it chosen to be the official film of the Los Angeles Olympics. Fujifilm took its place in the global market permanently. This made it overtake Kodak’s market share since they offered similar products at a cheaper price. Fujifilm was fast to widen its business scope to printers, digital cameras, optical devices and photocopier. In addition, Fujifilm engaged its services into the health sector by producing medical equipments and machines such as x-ray imaging and chemicals (Nakamura, 2000). Kodak company failure to acknowledge innovation in the late 1970s could be blamed on the management’s approach (Haig, 2011). The management seemed to control from behind the desk right from the headquarters at Rochester. This made them become ignorant about the new inventions in technology and the increasing customer needs. They were advised to embrace the digital technology that they had created in 1975, but the management was reluctant. The main reason why Kodak remained behind was avoiding revolutionizing technology that led to the loss of market shares. This

American Writers Essay Example for Free

American Writers Essay List of American Novels for Research Project English 11H Historical/War Red Badge of Courage, Stephen Crane Killer Angels, Michael Shaara A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien Cold Mountain, Charles Frazier My Brother Sam is Dead, JL Collier African-American Beloved, Toni Morrison (mature themes) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou Native Son, James Baldwin The Color Purple, Alice Walker (mature themes) Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston Malcom X (autobiography- lengthy) A Lesson Before Dying, Ernest Gaines. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, Ernest Gaines Go Tell it on the Mountain, James Baldwin Black Boy, Richard Wright (memoir) Dystopian/Futuristic/Science Fiction Ender’s Game, Orson Scott Card Slaughterhouse 5, Kurt Vonnegut Catch-22, Joseph Heller The Giver, Lois Lowry Martian Chronicles, Ray Bradbury Realism/Naturalism/Regionalism The Call of the Wild, Jack London White Fang, Jack London O’Pioneers, Willa Cather My Antonia, Willa Cather Maggie, Girl of the Streets, Stephen Crane The Jungle, Upton Sinclair Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain Miscellaneous Modern/Contemporary novels The Secret Life of Bees, Sue Monk Kidd. The Natural, Bernard Malamud (baseball; Jewish myth) One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Ken Kesey (set in a mental asylum) House on Mango Street, Sandy Cisneros Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan (Chinese-American culture) The Help, Kathryn Stockett (set in 1960s; about African-American maids in the South) Shoeless Joe, WP Kinsella (baseball) Franny and Zooey, by JD Salinger (from 1950’s; If you have an interest in world philosophy or eastern religion, you’d probably like this. ) The Outsiders, S. E. Hinton The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath (mature themes) Research Novel Lottery Preparation. Native American Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, Sherman Alexie Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian, Sherman Alexie Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko Quest/Journey On the Road, Jack Kerouac The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway The Road, Cormac McCarthy Dark Romanticism The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne (set in Puritan New England; challenging) ark Roma nticis m he Scarlet Letter For our project, you will read one of the books on this list and (later) research the reasons this has become a significant member of the American literary canon. (What literary elements make it unique or powerful? What impact has this work had on our history or way of thinking? ) During our next class, we will conduct a lottery so that each student has a different title. To help insure that you end up with a title that you will enjoy, please spend 20-30 minutes choosing 4 titles from the list that you will be pleased to read and research. You ARE NOT allowed to read any book that you have previously read. I strongly suggest you do some Internet searches on various titles to examine what those books are all about, and to determine if their content might appeal to you. You also need to make sure ahead of time that your choices are okay with your parents. Remember, we will draw names and choose titles, so it’s highly likely you won’t get your first choice. You may, in fact, want to come up with more than four choices! Four top choices: 1_________________________________________________________________________ 2_________________________________________________________________________ 3_________________________________________________________________________ 4_________________________________________________________________________ Please see side two for list of titles?

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview Phenobarbitone is an antiepileptic drug which is used to treat epilepsy. Absorbance values at different concentration of phenobarbitone can be used to plot a calibration graph which in turns can be used to find the concentration of phenobarbitone in organic phase at different pH by using the gradient of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbitone in aqueous phase can be determined and hence can find the partition coefficient (P). Ptrue of phenobarbitone can be determined with the presence of the value of Papp and fu of phenobarbitone (acid). % ionization of phenobarbitone at different pH can also be calculated by knowing its pKa and this in turns can be used to determine the lipophilicity of phenobarbitone. % extraction of phenobarbitone will also determine how well does phenobarbitone passes through the organic phase (biological membrane in the body) at different pH. Phenobarbitone is a barbiturate used in the treatment of epilepsy. It helps to reduce seizure frequency and severity and may even stop seizures altogether. [1] Phenobarbital works by acting on GABA receptors that in turn increase synaptic inhibition. This then increases the seizure threshold, hence reducing the number of seizures occurring. [2)] Phenobarbitone is the longest acting barbiturate. It is an acidic crystalline structure which has pka value 7.4, hence it is significantly ionised at ph values over 6. Lowering the pH of the solution reduces ionisation. [4] According to Phenobarbitone structure, it has 2 hydrogen bond donors and 3 hydrogen bond receptors and the solubility of Phenobarbitone in water is 1g in 1000mL (0.1% w/v). It has low lipid solubility compared with other barbiturate. Thus it has slow onset action and longer half life. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of ionisation of phenobarbitone by measuring the amount that was extracted into n-octanol from the aqueous phases of different pH values. The results collected were then used to find the concentration of the drug at equilibrium and since the pKa of the drug and the pH of the solution are known, the true partition co-efficient for phenobarbtione can be calculated. [3] Partition coefficient (P) is the ratio of concentration of drug in n-octanol phase divided by concentration of drug in aqueous phase. A high partition co-efficient implies that the drug is highly lipophilic. [5] The method used in this experiment is the shake-flask method (the most accurate measurement method). The drug, in this case phenobarbitone, is allowed to equilibrate between the NaOH solution and the n-octanol and then the concentration in both layers are been determined. [5] Since the total amount of barbiturate present in the 0.5M NaOH (which is extracted from the octanol) is known, and the UV analysis gives the amount of phenobarbitone in the octanol layer at equilibrium, we can calculate the weight left in the aqueous phase and hence the concentration of drug in each phase at equilibrium. pKa is important to determine the true partition coefficient for the barbiturate. The disadvantage for shake-flask is that it is only apply to the unionised drug which most drugs are acids or bases and are ionised in biological systems. Experimental 0.02% w/v phenobarbitone in water was been provided as the stock solution. Using the stock solution, 50Â µg mL-1 solution in 0.5M NaOH [Solution A] and a 50Â µg mL-1 solution in water [Solution B] were been prepared. (a) Calibration Standards A range of calibration standards each containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Â µg mL-1 of the phenobarbitone in 0.5M NaOH were prepared using Solution A. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) at about 254nm was then determined using the 30 Â µg mL-1 standard. The absorbance of each standard at the ÃŽ »max was read using 0.5M NaOH as the blank. A calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration for the phenobarbiturate was then constructed using the absorbance readings obtained. (b) Partitioning Samples Six partitioning funnels were filled as the following: i) 10mL Solution B, 10mL 0.1M HCl, and 20mL n-octanol ii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 6.6 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.4 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol v) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 8.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol vi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 9.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol The funnels were shaken at frequent intervals for 30 minutes to allow the layers to separate fully. The organic layer was then been carefully ran off into a second separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M NaOH was then added to the octanol and shaken for 5 minutes, allowing the layers to separate. The absorbance of the aqueous (bottom) layer was then measured by using the ÃŽ »max determined previously in (a). The concentration of the phenobarbitone in the 0.5M NaOH was calculated using the calibration curve. Discussion In partition chromatography, molecules move from one phase to another via passive diffusion, i.e. the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration area without any facilitating factor. However, charged molecules are unable to move down the concentration gradient via this route. Partition chromatography of phenobarbitone mimics the movement of phenobarbitone across the biological membrane, i.e. the movement of phenobarbitone from aqueous phase, 50Â µg mL-1 phenobarbitone in water, to organic phase, octanol. Its chemical structure shows that there is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the ring structure which contributes to its lipophilicity. The more lipophilic the drug, the more efficiently it is absorbed into the organic phase. Glass separating funnels were used to avoid absorption of lipophilic drug into the container. 30 minutes after the layers are left to separate fully, the aqueous layer is carefully ran off, leaving the organic layer in the separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, NaOH is then added to the organic layer to separate the mixture into two immiscible layers again. This is possible because phenobarbitone is a weak acid, it reacts with the newly added base, NaOH to form aqueous phase. The concentration of phenobarbitone in the aqueous phase is then determined using a UV spectrophotometer. From Table 1.6, at pH 1.1, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase is highest, 4.392 X 10-4 g; whereas at pH 9.0, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase marked its lowest at 2.800 X 10-4 g. This proves that the drug is most lipophilic at low pH as it is a weak acid and is unionised at low pH, therefore more able to cross into the octanol layer. Meanwhile, at pH 9.0, most of the drug is retained in the aqueous phase in its ionised form and hence unable to cross into the octanol phase as it cannot be passively diffused. As shown in Table 1.7 and Graph 2.0, the higher the pH, more of the drug present is ionised and vice versa. Starting from pH 1.1, the percentage of phenobarbitone ionised in the aqueous phase increased slowly up to pH 6.6, followed by a steep increase from pH 6.6 to pH 8.0, and further increase less steeply from pH 8.0 to pH 9.0. As for Graph 2.0, a slow decrease is observed from pH 1.1 to pH 7.0, a steep decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 7.4, followed by a gradual decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0. Partition coefficient, P is the ratio of a drugs concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase at equilibrium with each other. A high P value hence denotes a high drug concentration in organic phase. From the results, a high P obtained at low pH proves that phenobarbitone is a highly lipophilic drug, capable of crossing lipophilic membranes in the body. From the results section, Ptrue value at pH 1.1 is 7.74, whereas the literature value is 1.4. The comparison is made at pH 1.1 because phenobarbitone is present in its unionised form at low pH. However, the Ptrue value is much higher than the literature value. This could be due to errors that occurred during the experiment, e.g. parallax error while pipetting the stock solution, and accidentally ran off some of the organic phase while running off the aqueous phase, causing undetermined potential weight loss of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. It could also be due to insufficient time allowed for phenobarbitone to diffuse from the aqueous phase into the organic phase. Studies revealed that the peak plasma concentration is reached 0.5 to 4 hours following an oral administration; partition chromatography mimics the diffusion of drug across biological membrane, therefore requires at least 30 minutes to reach peak plasma concentration of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. However, in the experiment, the partition was stopped at 30 minutes, not allowing more time for the mixture to separate fully. As octanol was added into the separating funnels at different times, they could not be stopped at the same time. The aqueous (bottom) layers were then run off starting from the funnel where octanol was added the earliest to the latest. The time taken to run off the aqueous phase varies as the volume of aqueous phase varies from funnel to funnel, which may have resulted in different times for each funnel to separate and hence more complete separation in the later mixtures. The lipophilicity of phenobarbitone contributes to its absorption into the octanol phase. Likewise, it is readily absorbed across biological membranes in the body, e.g. stomach wall, cell membrane and blood-brain barrier. Phenobarbitone is administered orally; it is rapidly and fully bioavailable after oral administration as phenobarbitone is unionised in acidic environment. At pH 1.1, 87.84% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the organic phase. This signifies that 87.84% of phenobarbitone is able to cross the stomach wall into the systemic circulation. The absorption is expected to decrease with the increase of pH value down the gastrointestinal tract; the unionised fraction is smaller in the small intestine but has longer intraluminal dwell time and hence increasing absorption. Being lipophilic, phenobarbitone crosses biological membranes readily, more preferably at low pH environment, into the bloodstream and around the body via systemic circulation and then distributed throughout the interstitial fluid. However, about 50% of the drug is bound to plasma protein, therefore neither able to travel across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid nor is it able to be metabolised by the liver. From Table 1.8, at pH 7.4, 70.72% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the octanol layer. Assuming 50% is protein-bound; it can then be assumed that only about 35.36% of phenobarbitone would reach the brain at physiological pH 7.4. Elimination is a mechanism the body utilises to rid drug, xenobiotics and waste products from the body and plasma, mainly by the kidney and the liver. The normal pH of urine ranges from pH 4.5 to pH 7.5. Phenobarbitone being lipophilic and protein-binding has a slow elimination; its lipophilicity prevents it from being filtered by the glomerulus, unless metabolised in the liver into a less lipophilic metabolite. However, 25% of phenobarbitone is still excreted in its unionised form via passive tubular secretion. This route of excretion is exaggerated when urine is alkaline or when the urine volume is increased, i.e. via forced diuresis. Conclusion As phenobarbitone is used in treatment of epilepsy, it needs to possess the characteristics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the motor cortex to exert its depressant effect. From the partition chromatography carried out, it is evident that phenobarbitone is readily absorbed into the body across biological membranes due to phenobarbitones lipophilic nature. It is also widely distributed in the body fluid, including the cerebrospinal fluid where it can act on the motor cortex. As for elimination, approximately 75% of the drug is metabolised by the liver before being excreted, but 25% is excreted as unionised molecules by passive tubular secretion in the kidneys. In conclusion, phenobarbitone has a relatively fast onset of action, hence it is deemed suitable to be administered via the oral route for the treatment of epilepsy.

My Near Death Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

The term death is often used lightly. It is frequently used in jokes and idle threats, and rarely taken seriously. Few individuals really grasp the concept of death and how it can distort the lives of the people it comes in contact with. I was among the clueless until I was ten years old. I was running home from soccer practice, speeding towards the cursed intersection, not but a quartermile from my house when it happened. Luckily I am here today to reflect on that moment. My near death experience has tremendously changed the way I live and perceive life, thus defining who I am.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was a brisk fall evening, the orange sun was just setting when I foolishly misjudged how fast a car was moving. It seemed as if I had enough time to run across the street before the car passed, but apparently I was wrong. The car came screeching to a halt as the driver slammed on his brakes. The car struck my torso and threw me onto the damp grass, away from oncoming traffic. I apparently was briefly knocked unconciousious, and distinctly remember the foul smell of rubber burning as I opened my eyes to see the frantic worried look on the drivers face. At the time it seemed as if he was more relieved than I was that I was able to walk away from the scene with just a pounding headache and a few scratches. It seems as though the timely accident replays daily in my head as I make everyday decisions about life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people say that what happened to me was not exactly a bru...

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resource Practitione Essay

The CIPD developed a map depicting the HR profession that signifies the skills, knowledge and behaviours needed by those in HR and Learning and Development professionals. The two inner core professional areas in the HRPM, Strategy Insights and Solutions and Leading HR, requires a deep understanding of the business activities, strategies and plans to drive business performance through the delivery of human resource strategy and solutions. Leading HR in particular focuses on the organisation requirements and that human resources employees are fully engaged, working collaboratively and all understand the drivers that create value within the organisation. Both of these core areas are to be reflected within all HR roles at any stage of a successful HR career regardless of location or working within an organisation or alongside one. The other 8 professional areas identify the knowledge and skills required within each band level to provide specialist HR assistance. There are 4 band levels, each band level signifies professional competence and is linked to the professional areas within said band level at every stage of the professionals HR career. To progress from one band to another there are three transitional pathways that identify what the professional must follow in order to progress. There are 8 behavioural areas clustered into 3 groups that identify how professionals at the relevant band level in their career need to carry out their duties and make a contribution to their organisations success. They include; Band One; Personally Credible; Builds a reliable reputation using experience and expertise and does so with integrity and in an objective manner. Collaborative; Works effectively with colleagues, customers, and individuals both within and outside of the organisation. Driven to deliver; Demonstrates a strong work ethic, consistent in their duties and take accountability for delivery of results. Plans, prioritises, monitors performance and holds others accountable for delivery. Band Two; Advises on and manager HR related issues and has a clear understanding of the evaluation process. Whilst at band two, the professional will demonstrates the Personally Credible and Driven to Deliver Behaviour Areas seen in Band One while also demonstrating other Behaviour Areas; Courage to Challenge and Skilled Influencer. Courage to Challenge; Shows confidence and courage to speak and challenges others when confronted with unfamiliar circumstances. Skilled Influencer; Demonstrates the ability to influence and to gain commitment and support form a wide range of diverse stakeholders for the organisation benefit. Band Three; Requires the professional to show a high understanding of the Behaviour Areas Courage to Challenge and Skilled Influencer. These are to be demonstrated at an expert level before progressing to the band level 4. The professional has the skills to lead in a Behavioural area and addresses key HR challenges at an organisational level. Band Four; Professionals are required to be an expert in their field, lead and manage the professional area or the organisational responsible for developing and delivering organisational and HR strategy. The professional is required to cover 3 Behavioural areas; Role Model, Curious and Decisive Thinker. Role Model; leading by example and implying sound personal judgement in all interactions. Curious; Demonstrates an active interest in the internal and external environment, shows a willingness to learn and active in the development of self and others and organisation levels and individual. Decisive Thinker; Demonstrates the ability to analyse information quickly and constructively to make defendable decisions using knowledge, experience and personal judgement. As a learner just starting out my HR career my experience and knowledge is limited and I believe to sit at Band One on the HRPM. Band One supports colleagues with administration duties and effectively manages data and is customer driven. The Professional Areas suited for Band One insure that all people within the organisation possess and develop the skills and knowledge to progress not only within the organisation, but their career by becoming motivated to learn, grow and perform. High performance within the organisation is promoted by rewards that are equitable and cost effective, given when rewarding skills, capabilities, performance and experience. While Band One focuses primarily on Performance and Reward and Learning and Talent Development as professional areas, the HRPM also depicts that the behaviours at Band One level are to be achieved. These include; Personally Credible, Collaborative and Driven to Deliver. The two core Professional Areas (Strategy Insights and Solutions and Learning and Talent Development) are at the very heart of any HR professional and should be the core values of any professional undertaking a HR career or an expert in their field.